HTML 编码(字符集)

为了正确显示 HTML 页面,Web 浏览器必须知道要使用哪个字符集。

1. 从 ASCII 到 UTF-8

ASCII 是第一个字符编码标准。ASCII 定义了 128 种可以在互联网上使用的字符:数字(0-9)、英文字母(A-Z)和一些特殊字符,比如:! $ + - ( ) @ < >。

ISO-8859-1 是 HTML 4 的默认字符集。此字符集支持 256 个不同的字符代码。HTML 4 同时支持 UTF-8。

ANSI(Windows-1252)是原始的 Windows 字符集。 ANSI 与 ISO-8859-1 相同,不同之处在于 ANSI 具有 32 个额外的字符。

HTML5 规范鼓励 Web 开发人员使用 UTF-8 字符集,该字符集涵盖了世界上几乎所有的字符和符号!

. HTML charset 属性

为了正确显示 HTML 页面,Web 浏览器必须了解页面中使用的字符集。

这在 <meta> 标签中指定:

<meta charset="UTF-8">

2. 字符集之间的差异

下表展示了上述字符集之间的区别:

Numb ASCII ANSI 8859 UTF-8 Description
32 space
33!!!!exclamation mark
34""""quotation mark
35####number sign
36$$$$dollar sign
37%%%%percent sign
38&&&&ampersand
39''''apostrophe
40((((left parenthesis
41))))right parenthesis
42****asterisk
43++++plus sign
44,,,,comma
45----hyphen-minus
46....full stop
47////solidus
480000digit zero
491111digit one
502222digit two
513333digit three
524444digit four
535555digit five
546666digit six
557777digit seven
568888digit eight
579999digit nine
58::::colon
59;;;;semicolon
60<<<<less-than sign
61====equals sign
62>>>>greater-than sign
63????question mark
64@@@@commercial at
65AAAALatin capital letter A
66BBBBLatin capital letter B
67CCCCLatin capital letter C
68DDDDLatin capital letter D
69EEEELatin capital letter E
70FFFFLatin capital letter F
71GGGGLatin capital letter G
72HHHHLatin capital letter H
73IIIILatin capital letter I
74JJJJLatin capital letter J
75KKKKLatin capital letter K
76LLLLLatin capital letter L
77MMMMLatin capital letter M
78NNNNLatin capital letter N
79OOOOLatin capital letter O
80PPPPLatin capital letter P
81QQQQLatin capital letter Q
82RRRRLatin capital letter R
83SSSSLatin capital letter S
84TTTTLatin capital letter T
85UUUULatin capital letter U
86VVVVLatin capital letter V
87WWWWLatin capital letter W
88XXXXLatin capital letter X
89YYYYLatin capital letter Y
90ZZZZLatin capital letter Z
91[[[[left square bracket
92\\\\reverse solidus
93]]]]right square bracket
94^^^^circumflex accent
95____low line
96````grave accent
97aaaaLatin small letter a
98bbbbLatin small letter b
99ccccLatin small letter c
100ddddLatin small letter d
101eeeeLatin small letter e
102ffffLatin small letter f
103ggggLatin small letter g
104hhhhLatin small letter h
105iiiiLatin small letter i
106jjjjLatin small letter j
107kkkkLatin small letter k
108llllLatin small letter l
109mmmmLatin small letter m
110nnnnLatin small letter n
111ooooLatin small letter o
112ppppLatin small letter p
113qqqqLatin small letter q
114rrrrLatin small letter r
115ssssLatin small letter s
116ttttLatin small letter t
117uuuuLatin small letter u
118vvvvLatin small letter v
119wwwwLatin small letter w
120xxxxLatin small letter x
121yyyyLatin small letter y
122zzzzLatin small letter z
123{{{{left curly bracket
124||||vertical line
125}}}}right curly bracket
126~~~~tilde
127DEL    
128 €  euro sign
129 NOT USED
130 ‚  single low-9 quotation mark
131 ƒ  Latin small letter f with hook
132 „  double low-9 quotation mark
133 …  horizontal ellipsis
134 †  dagger
135 ‡  double dagger
136 ˆ  modifier letter circumflex accent
137 ‰  per mille sign
138 Š  Latin capital letter S with caron
139 ‹  single left-pointing angle quotation mark
140 Œ  Latin capital ligature OE
141 NOT USED
142 Ž  Latin capital letter Z with caron
143 NOT USED
144 NOT USED
145 ‘  left single quotation mark
146 ’  right single quotation mark
147 “  left double quotation mark
148 ”  right double quotation mark
149 •  bullet
150 –  en dash
151 —  em dash
152 ˜  small tilde
153 ™  trade mark sign
154 š  Latin small letter s with caron
155 ›  single right-pointing angle quotation mark
156 œ  Latin small ligature oe
157 NOT USED
158 ž  Latin small letter z with caron
159 Ÿ  Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis
160    no-break space
161 ¡¡¡inverted exclamation mark
162 ¢¢¢cent sign
163 £££pound sign
164 ¤¤¤currency sign
165 ¥¥¥yen sign
166 ¦¦¦broken bar
167 §§§section sign
168 ¨¨¨diaeresis
169 ©©©copyright sign
170 ªªªfeminine ordinal indicator
171 «««left-pointing double angle quotation mark
172 ¬¬¬not sign
173 ­­­soft hyphen
174 ®®®registered sign
175 ¯¯¯macron
176 °°°degree sign
177 ±±±plus-minus sign
178 ²²²superscript two
179 ³³³superscript three
180 ´´´acute accent
181 µµµmicro sign
182 pilcrow sign
183 ···middle dot
184 ¸¸¸cedilla
185 ¹¹¹superscript one
186 ºººmasculine ordinal indicator
187 »»»right-pointing double angle quotation mark
188 ¼¼¼vulgar fraction one quarter
189 ½½½vulgar fraction one half
190 ¾¾¾vulgar fraction three quarters
191 ¿¿¿inverted question mark
192 ÀÀÀLatin capital letter A with grave
193 ÁÁÁLatin capital letter A with acute
194 ÂÂÂLatin capital letter A with circumflex
195 ÃÃÃLatin capital letter A with tilde
196 ÄÄÄLatin capital letter A with diaeresis
197 ÅÅÅLatin capital letter A with ring above
198 ÆÆÆLatin capital letter AE
199 ÇÇÇLatin capital letter C with cedilla
200 ÈÈÈLatin capital letter E with grave
201 ÉÉÉLatin capital letter E with acute
202 ÊÊÊLatin capital letter E with circumflex
203 ËËËLatin capital letter E with diaeresis
204 ÌÌÌLatin capital letter I with grave
205 ÍÍÍLatin capital letter I with acute
206 ÎÎÎLatin capital letter I with circumflex
207 ÏÏÏLatin capital letter I with diaeresis
208 ÐÐÐLatin capital letter Eth
209 ÑÑÑLatin capital letter N with tilde
210 ÒÒÒLatin capital letter O with grave
211 ÓÓÓLatin capital letter O with acute
212 ÔÔÔLatin capital letter O with circumflex
213 ÕÕÕLatin capital letter O with tilde
214 ÖÖÖLatin capital letter O with diaeresis
215 ×××multiplication sign
216 ØØØLatin capital letter O with stroke
217 ÙÙÙLatin capital letter U with grave
218 ÚÚÚLatin capital letter U with acute
219 ÛÛÛLatin capital letter U with circumflex
220 ÜÜÜLatin capital letter U with diaeresis
221 ÝÝÝLatin capital letter Y with acute
222 ÞÞÞLatin capital letter Thorn
223 ßßßLatin small letter sharp s
224 àààLatin small letter a with grave
225 áááLatin small letter a with acute
226 âââLatin small letter a with circumflex
227 ãããLatin small letter a with tilde
228 äääLatin small letter a with diaeresis
229 åååLatin small letter a with ring above
230 æææLatin small letter ae
231 çççLatin small letter c with cedilla
232 èèèLatin small letter e with grave
233 éééLatin small letter e with acute
234 êêêLatin small letter e with circumflex
235 ëëëLatin small letter e with diaeresis
236 ìììLatin small letter i with grave
237 íííLatin small letter i with acute
238 îîîLatin small letter i with circumflex
239 ïïïLatin small letter i with diaeresis
240 ðððLatin small letter eth
241 ñññLatin small letter n with tilde
242 òòòLatin small letter o with grave
243 óóóLatin small letter o with acute
244 ôôôLatin small letter o with circumflex
245 õõõLatin small letter o with tilde
246 öööLatin small letter o with diaeresis
247 ÷÷÷division sign
248 øøøLatin small letter o with stroke
249 ùùùLatin small letter u with grave
250 úúúLatin small letter u with acute
251 ûûûLatin small letter with circumflex
252 üüüLatin small letter u with diaeresis
253 ýýýLatin small letter y with acute
254 þþþLatin small letter thorn
255 ÿÿÿLatin small letter y with diaeresis

3. ASCII 字符集

ASCII 使用 0 到 31(以及 127)之间的值作为控制字符。

ASCII 使用 32 到 126 的值表示字母、数字和符号。

ASCII 不使用 128 到 255 之间的值。

4. ANSI 字符集 (Windows-1252)

对于 0 到 127 的值,ANSI 与 ASCII 相同。

ANSI 有一组专有的字符,其值从 128 到 159。

对于 160 到 255 的值,ANSI 与 UTF-8 相同。

5. ISO-8859-1 字符集

对于 0 到 127 的值,8859-1 与 ASCII 相同。

8859-1 不使用 128 到 159 之间的值。

对于从 160 到 255 的值,8859-1 与 UTF-8 相同。

6. UTF-8 字符集

对于 0 到 127 的值,UTF-8 与 ASCII 相同。

UTF-8 不使用 12 8到 159 之间的值。

对于 160 到 255 之间的值,UTF-8 与 ANSI 和 8859-1 相同。

UTF-8 从值 256 继续,包含超过 10000 个不同字符。

如需深入研究,请阅读我们完整的 HTML 字符集参考手册。

7. @charset CSS 规则

您可以使用 CSS @charset 规则来指定样式表中使用的字符编码:

范例

将样式表的编码设置为 Unicode UTF-8:

@charset "UTF-8";

下一章:HTML 统一资源定位器

HTML 统一资源定位器::URL 也被称为网址。1. URL - Uniform Resource Locator:当您点击 HTML 页面中的某个链接时,对应的 <a> 标签指向万维网上的一个地址。统一资源定位器(URL)用于定位万维网上的文档(或其他数据)。