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HTML 编码（字符集）
为了正确显示 HTML 页面，Web 浏览器必须知道要使用哪个字符集。
1. 从 ASCII 到 UTF-8
ASCII 是第一个字符编码标准。ASCII 定义了 128 种可以在互联网上使用的字符：数字（0-9）、英文字母（A-Z）和一些特殊字符，比如：! $ + - ( ) @ < >。
ISO-8859-1 是 HTML 4 的默认字符集。此字符集支持 256 个不同的字符代码。HTML 4 同时支持 UTF-8。
ANSI（Windows-1252）是原始的 Windows 字符集。 ANSI 与 ISO-8859-1 相同，不同之处在于 ANSI 具有 32 个额外的字符。
HTML5 规范鼓励 Web 开发人员使用 UTF-8 字符集，该字符集涵盖了世界上几乎所有的字符和符号！
. HTML charset 属性
为了正确显示 HTML 页面，Web 浏览器必须了解页面中使用的字符集。
这在 <meta> 标签中指定：
<meta charset="UTF-8">
2. 字符集之间的差异
下表展示了上述字符集之间的区别：
| Numb | ASCII | ANSI | 8859 | UTF-8 | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 32 | space | ||||
| 33 | ! | ! | ! | ! | exclamation mark |
| 34 | " | " | " | " | quotation mark |
| 35 | # | # | # | # | number sign |
| 36 | $ | $ | $ | $ | dollar sign |
| 37 | % | % | % | % | percent sign |
| 38 | & | & | & | & | ampersand |
| 39 | ' | ' | ' | ' | apostrophe |
| 40 | ( | ( | ( | ( | left parenthesis |
| 41 | ) | ) | ) | ) | right parenthesis |
| 42 | * | * | * | * | asterisk |
| 43 | + | + | + | + | plus sign |
| 44 | , | , | , | , | comma |
| 45 | - | - | - | - | hyphen-minus |
| 46 | . | . | . | . | full stop |
| 47 | / | / | / | / | solidus |
| 48 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | digit zero |
| 49 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | digit one |
| 50 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | digit two |
| 51 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | digit three |
| 52 | 4 | 4 | 4 | 4 | digit four |
| 53 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | digit five |
| 54 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | digit six |
| 55 | 7 | 7 | 7 | 7 | digit seven |
| 56 | 8 | 8 | 8 | 8 | digit eight |
| 57 | 9 | 9 | 9 | 9 | digit nine |
| 58 | : | : | : | : | colon |
| 59 | ; | ; | ; | ; | semicolon |
| 60 | < | < | < | < | less-than sign |
| 61 | = | = | = | = | equals sign |
| 62 | > | > | > | > | greater-than sign |
| 63 | ? | ? | ? | ? | question mark |
| 64 | @ | @ | @ | @ | commercial at |
| 65 | A | A | A | A | Latin capital letter A |
| 66 | B | B | B | B | Latin capital letter B |
| 67 | C | C | C | C | Latin capital letter C |
| 68 | D | D | D | D | Latin capital letter D |
| 69 | E | E | E | E | Latin capital letter E |
| 70 | F | F | F | F | Latin capital letter F |
| 71 | G | G | G | G | Latin capital letter G |
| 72 | H | H | H | H | Latin capital letter H |
| 73 | I | I | I | I | Latin capital letter I |
| 74 | J | J | J | J | Latin capital letter J |
| 75 | K | K | K | K | Latin capital letter K |
| 76 | L | L | L | L | Latin capital letter L |
| 77 | M | M | M | M | Latin capital letter M |
| 78 | N | N | N | N | Latin capital letter N |
| 79 | O | O | O | O | Latin capital letter O |
| 80 | P | P | P | P | Latin capital letter P |
| 81 | Q | Q | Q | Q | Latin capital letter Q |
| 82 | R | R | R | R | Latin capital letter R |
| 83 | S | S | S | S | Latin capital letter S |
| 84 | T | T | T | T | Latin capital letter T |
| 85 | U | U | U | U | Latin capital letter U |
| 86 | V | V | V | V | Latin capital letter V |
| 87 | W | W | W | W | Latin capital letter W |
| 88 | X | X | X | X | Latin capital letter X |
| 89 | Y | Y | Y | Y | Latin capital letter Y |
| 90 | Z | Z | Z | Z | Latin capital letter Z |
| 91 | [ | [ | [ | [ | left square bracket |
| 92 | \ | \ | \ | \ | reverse solidus |
| 93 | ] | ] | ] | ] | right square bracket |
| 94 | ^ | ^ | ^ | ^ | circumflex accent |
| 95 | _ | _ | _ | _ | low line |
| 96 | ` | ` | ` | ` | grave accent |
| 97 | a | a | a | a | Latin small letter a |
| 98 | b | b | b | b | Latin small letter b |
| 99 | c | c | c | c | Latin small letter c |
| 100 | d | d | d | d | Latin small letter d |
| 101 | e | e | e | e | Latin small letter e |
| 102 | f | f | f | f | Latin small letter f |
| 103 | g | g | g | g | Latin small letter g |
| 104 | h | h | h | h | Latin small letter h |
| 105 | i | i | i | i | Latin small letter i |
| 106 | j | j | j | j | Latin small letter j |
| 107 | k | k | k | k | Latin small letter k |
| 108 | l | l | l | l | Latin small letter l |
| 109 | m | m | m | m | Latin small letter m |
| 110 | n | n | n | n | Latin small letter n |
| 111 | o | o | o | o | Latin small letter o |
| 112 | p | p | p | p | Latin small letter p |
| 113 | q | q | q | q | Latin small letter q |
| 114 | r | r | r | r | Latin small letter r |
| 115 | s | s | s | s | Latin small letter s |
| 116 | t | t | t | t | Latin small letter t |
| 117 | u | u | u | u | Latin small letter u |
| 118 | v | v | v | v | Latin small letter v |
| 119 | w | w | w | w | Latin small letter w |
| 120 | x | x | x | x | Latin small letter x |
| 121 | y | y | y | y | Latin small letter y |
| 122 | z | z | z | z | Latin small letter z |
| 123 | { | { | { | { | left curly bracket |
| 124 | | | | | | | | | vertical line |
| 125 | } | } | } | } | right curly bracket |
| 126 | ~ | ~ | ~ | ~ | tilde |
| 127 | DEL | ||||
| 128 | | euro sign | |||
| 129 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 130 | | single low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 131 | | Latin small letter f with hook | |||
| 132 | | double low-9 quotation mark | |||
| 133 | horizontal ellipsis | ||||
| 134 | | dagger | |||
| 135 | | double dagger | |||
| 136 | | modifier letter circumflex accent | |||
| 137 | | per mille sign | |||
| 138 | | Latin capital letter S with caron | |||
| 139 | | single left-pointing angle quotation mark | |||
| 140 | | Latin capital ligature OE | |||
| 141 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 142 | | Latin capital letter Z with caron | |||
| 143 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 144 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 145 | | left single quotation mark | |||
| 146 | | right single quotation mark | |||
| 147 | | left double quotation mark | |||
| 148 | | right double quotation mark | |||
| 149 | | bullet | |||
| 150 | | en dash | |||
| 151 | | em dash | |||
| 152 | | small tilde | |||
| 153 | | trade mark sign | |||
| 154 | | Latin small letter s with caron | |||
| 155 | | single right-pointing angle quotation mark | |||
| 156 | | Latin small ligature oe | |||
| 157 | | | | NOT USED | |
| 158 | | Latin small letter z with caron | |||
| 159 | | Latin capital letter Y with diaeresis | |||
| 160 | no-break space | ||||
| 161 | ¡ | ¡ | ¡ | inverted exclamation mark | |
| 162 | ¢ | ¢ | ¢ | cent sign | |
| 163 | £ | £ | £ | pound sign | |
| 164 | ¤ | ¤ | ¤ | currency sign | |
| 165 | ¥ | ¥ | ¥ | yen sign | |
| 166 | ¦ | ¦ | ¦ | broken bar | |
| 167 | § | § | § | section sign | |
| 168 | ¨ | ¨ | ¨ | diaeresis | |
| 169 | © | © | © | copyright sign | |
| 170 | ª | ª | ª | feminine ordinal indicator | |
| 171 | « | « | « | left-pointing double angle quotation mark | |
| 172 | ¬ | ¬ | ¬ | not sign | |
| 173 | | | | soft hyphen | |
| 174 | ® | ® | ® | registered sign | |
| 175 | ¯ | ¯ | ¯ | macron | |
| 176 | ° | ° | ° | degree sign | |
| 177 | ± | ± | ± | plus-minus sign | |
| 178 | ² | ² | ² | superscript two | |
| 179 | ³ | ³ | ³ | superscript three | |
| 180 | ´ | ´ | ´ | acute accent | |
| 181 | µ | µ | µ | micro sign | |
| 182 | ¶ | ¶ | ¶ | pilcrow sign | |
| 183 | · | · | · | middle dot | |
| 184 | ¸ | ¸ | ¸ | cedilla | |
| 185 | ¹ | ¹ | ¹ | superscript one | |
| 186 | º | º | º | masculine ordinal indicator | |
| 187 | » | » | » | right-pointing double angle quotation mark | |
| 188 | ¼ | ¼ | ¼ | vulgar fraction one quarter | |
| 189 | ½ | ½ | ½ | vulgar fraction one half | |
| 190 | ¾ | ¾ | ¾ | vulgar fraction three quarters | |
| 191 | ¿ | ¿ | ¿ | inverted question mark | |
| 192 | À | À | À | Latin capital letter A with grave | |
| 193 | Á | Á | Á | Latin capital letter A with acute | |
| 194 | Â | Â | Â | Latin capital letter A with circumflex | |
| 195 | Ã | Ã | Ã | Latin capital letter A with tilde | |
| 196 | Ä | Ä | Ä | Latin capital letter A with diaeresis | |
| 197 | Å | Å | Å | Latin capital letter A with ring above | |
| 198 | Æ | Æ | Æ | Latin capital letter AE | |
| 199 | Ç | Ç | Ç | Latin capital letter C with cedilla | |
| 200 | È | È | È | Latin capital letter E with grave | |
| 201 | É | É | É | Latin capital letter E with acute | |
| 202 | Ê | Ê | Ê | Latin capital letter E with circumflex | |
| 203 | Ë | Ë | Ë | Latin capital letter E with diaeresis | |
| 204 | Ì | Ì | Ì | Latin capital letter I with grave | |
| 205 | Í | Í | Í | Latin capital letter I with acute | |
| 206 | Î | Î | Î | Latin capital letter I with circumflex | |
| 207 | Ï | Ï | Ï | Latin capital letter I with diaeresis | |
| 208 | Ð | Ð | Ð | Latin capital letter Eth | |
| 209 | Ñ | Ñ | Ñ | Latin capital letter N with tilde | |
| 210 | Ò | Ò | Ò | Latin capital letter O with grave | |
| 211 | Ó | Ó | Ó | Latin capital letter O with acute | |
| 212 | Ô | Ô | Ô | Latin capital letter O with circumflex | |
| 213 | Õ | Õ | Õ | Latin capital letter O with tilde | |
| 214 | Ö | Ö | Ö | Latin capital letter O with diaeresis | |
| 215 | × | × | × | multiplication sign | |
| 216 | Ø | Ø | Ø | Latin capital letter O with stroke | |
| 217 | Ù | Ù | Ù | Latin capital letter U with grave | |
| 218 | Ú | Ú | Ú | Latin capital letter U with acute | |
| 219 | Û | Û | Û | Latin capital letter U with circumflex | |
| 220 | Ü | Ü | Ü | Latin capital letter U with diaeresis | |
| 221 | Ý | Ý | Ý | Latin capital letter Y with acute | |
| 222 | Þ | Þ | Þ | Latin capital letter Thorn | |
| 223 | ß | ß | ß | Latin small letter sharp s | |
| 224 | à | à | à | Latin small letter a with grave | |
| 225 | á | á | á | Latin small letter a with acute | |
| 226 | â | â | â | Latin small letter a with circumflex | |
| 227 | ã | ã | ã | Latin small letter a with tilde | |
| 228 | ä | ä | ä | Latin small letter a with diaeresis | |
| 229 | å | å | å | Latin small letter a with ring above | |
| 230 | æ | æ | æ | Latin small letter ae | |
| 231 | ç | ç | ç | Latin small letter c with cedilla | |
| 232 | è | è | è | Latin small letter e with grave | |
| 233 | é | é | é | Latin small letter e with acute | |
| 234 | ê | ê | ê | Latin small letter e with circumflex | |
| 235 | ë | ë | ë | Latin small letter e with diaeresis | |
| 236 | ì | ì | ì | Latin small letter i with grave | |
| 237 | í | í | í | Latin small letter i with acute | |
| 238 | î | î | î | Latin small letter i with circumflex | |
| 239 | ï | ï | ï | Latin small letter i with diaeresis | |
| 240 | ð | ð | ð | Latin small letter eth | |
| 241 | ñ | ñ | ñ | Latin small letter n with tilde | |
| 242 | ò | ò | ò | Latin small letter o with grave | |
| 243 | ó | ó | ó | Latin small letter o with acute | |
| 244 | ô | ô | ô | Latin small letter o with circumflex | |
| 245 | õ | õ | õ | Latin small letter o with tilde | |
| 246 | ö | ö | ö | Latin small letter o with diaeresis | |
| 247 | ÷ | ÷ | ÷ | division sign | |
| 248 | ø | ø | ø | Latin small letter o with stroke | |
| 249 | ù | ù | ù | Latin small letter u with grave | |
| 250 | ú | ú | ú | Latin small letter u with acute | |
| 251 | û | û | û | Latin small letter with circumflex | |
| 252 | ü | ü | ü | Latin small letter u with diaeresis | |
| 253 | ý | ý | ý | Latin small letter y with acute | |
| 254 | þ | þ | þ | Latin small letter thorn | |
| 255 | ÿ | ÿ | ÿ | Latin small letter y with diaeresis |
3. ASCII 字符集
ASCII 使用 0 到 31（以及 127）之间的值作为控制字符。
ASCII 使用 32 到 126 的值表示字母、数字和符号。
ASCII 不使用 128 到 255 之间的值。
4. ANSI 字符集 (Windows-1252)
对于 0 到 127 的值，ANSI 与 ASCII 相同。
ANSI 有一组专有的字符，其值从 128 到 159。
对于 160 到 255 的值，ANSI 与 UTF-8 相同。
5. ISO-8859-1 字符集
对于 0 到 127 的值，8859-1 与 ASCII 相同。
8859-1 不使用 128 到 159 之间的值。
对于从 160 到 255 的值，8859-1 与 UTF-8 相同。
6. UTF-8 字符集
对于 0 到 127 的值，UTF-8 与 ASCII 相同。
UTF-8 不使用 12 8到 159 之间的值。
对于 160 到 255 之间的值，UTF-8 与 ANSI 和 8859-1 相同。
UTF-8 从值 256 继续，包含超过 10000 个不同字符。
如需深入研究，请阅读我们完整的 HTML 字符集参考手册。
7. @charset CSS 规则
您可以使用 CSS @charset 规则来指定样式表中使用的字符编码：
范例
将样式表的编码设置为 Unicode UTF-8：
@charset "UTF-8";
下一章：HTML 统一资源定位器
HTML 统一资源定位器:：URL 也被称为网址。1. URL - Uniform Resource Locator：当您点击 HTML 页面中的某个链接时，对应的 <a> 标签指向万维网上的一个地址。统一资源定位器（URL）用于定位万维网上的文档（或其他数据）。